UDK 582.28 Eumycetes. Настоящие грибы
For the first time, associations of microscopic fungi and nematodes were found in bottom sediments, periphyton and on driftwood in the Black Sea. Antagonistic relationships between microscopic fungi and nematodes are considered: fungi and fungal-feeding nematodes; nematophagous fungi and nematodes. In laboratory conditions, fungal-feeding nematodes remain viable for 1.5 to 9 months in the presence of 22 species of micromycetes from 20 genera, 11 families, 8 orders, 5 classes, and the phylum Ascomycota. The representatives of the family Halosphaeriaceae dominated in terms of the number of species in the species composition of fungi (9). Five species of fungi were found as part of the associations in bottom sediments and 21 species on driftwood. It is proved that the fruiting bodies of ascomycetes Corollospora maritima, C. trifurcata, Halosphaeriopsis mediosetigera with spores can be the only food source for nematodes Viscosia minor, Oncholaimus sp., Monhystera sp. Micromecetes Corollospora maritima, C. trifurcata, Halosphaeriopsis mediosetigera prevailed in the composition of associations on the driftwood, 16.67–20.83%. The paper presents 19 fungi which were for the first time identified in such associations. Epi- and endobiont fungi were detected during microscopic analysis of nematodes after their fixation and making constant microscopic preparations, but it was impossible to identify exactly their taxonomic affiliation. The nematode Anticoma pontica from the fouling in an underground canal inside Mount Tavros (Balaklava Bay, Sevastopol) was affected by a fungal ectoparasite similar to Drechmeria sp. (phyllum Ascomycota). The nematode Axonolaimus setosus from the sediments on the shelf of the western Crimea from a depth of 83.5 m was apparently infected with a fungal-like organism from the phylum Oomycota. Individuals of A. setosus with hyphae of fungi in the inner cavity and on the cuticle (Fungi sp.) were found in the area of the Bosphorus Strait at a depth of 250 m (hydrogen sulfide zone). The state of morphological and anatomical structures of worms indicates that they were affected by fungi during their lifetime.
marine fungi, mycotrophic nematodes, nematophagous fungi, driftwood, bottom sediments
1. Vorob'eva L.V., Kulakova I.I., Bondarenko A.S., Portyanko V.V. Kontaktnye zony Chernogo morya: meyofauna litokontura severo-zapadnogo shel'fa. Odessa: “Fenіks”, 2019. 196 s.
2. Zaycev Yu.P., Polikarpov G. G., Egorov V.N., Gulin S.B., Kopytina N.I., Kurilov A.V., Nesterova D.A., Nidzveckaya L.M., Polikarpov I.G., Stokozov N.A., Teplinskaya N.G., Teren'ko L.M. Biologicheskoe raznoobrazie oksibiontov (v vide zhiznesposobnyh spor) i anaerobov v donnyh osadkah serovodorodnoy batiali Chernogo morya // Dopovіdі Nacіonal'noї Akademії nauk Ukraїni. 2008. № 5. S. 168-173.
3. Kopytina N.I. Mikobiota Hadzhibeyskogo limana // Prirodnichiy al'manah. Serіya: Bіologіchnі nauki. 2006. Vyp. 8. S. 108-116.
4. Kopytina N.I. Rasprostranenie gribov roda Chaetomium Kze: Fr (Ascomycota) v severo-zapadnoy chasti Chernogo morya // Mikol. i fitopatol. 2005. T. 39, vyp. 5. S. 12-18.
5. Kopytina N.I. Morskaya mikobiota zakaznika “Buhta Kazach'ya” (Krym, Chernoe more) // Biota i sreda zapovednyh territoriy. 2018. № 4. S. 49-68.
6. Kopytina N.I., Tarasyuk I.V. Mikobiota peschanoy supralitorali plyazhey Odesskogo zaliva // Nauk. zap. Ternop. nac. ped. un-tu. ser. bіol. 2010. № 3 (44). S. 119-122.
7. Platonova T.A. Klass kruglye chervi - Nematoda Rudolphi, 1808. Opredelitel' fauny Chernogo i Azovskogo morey. Ch. I. Kiev: Nauk. Dumka, 1968. S. 111-183.
8. Sergeeva N.G., Anikeeva O.V. Myagkorakovinnye foraminifery Chernogo i Azovskogo morey. Simferopol': OOO “ARIAL”, 2018. 156 s. DOI:https://doi.org/10.21072/978-5-907118-84-3.
9. Sergeeva N.G., Zaika V.E. Donnye stadii Krassilnikoviae v serovodorodnoy zone Chernogo morya // Ekologiya morya. 1999. Vyp. 48. S. 83-86.
10. Yazykova I.M. Zoologiya bespozvonochnyh: kurs lekciy. Rostov-na-Donu: Izd-vo Yuzhnogo federal'nogo un-ta, 2011. Ch. 1. 431 s.
11. About Marine Fungi. 2023 Rezhim dostupa: https://marinefungi.org/.
12. Al-Ani L.K.T., Soares F.E de F., Sharma A., de los Santos-Villalobos S., Valdivia-Padilla A.V., Aguilar-Marcelino L. Strategy of Nematophagous Fungi in Determining the Activity of Plant Parasitic Nematodes and Their Prospective Role in Sustainable Agriculture // Front. Fungal Biol. 2022. Vol. 3. Art. 863198. DOI:https://doi.org/10.3389/ffunb.2022.863198.
13. Bhadury P., Bik H., Lambshead J.D., Austen M.C., Smerdon G.R., Rogers A.D. Molecular Diversity of Fungal Phylotypes Co-Amplified Alongside Nematodes from Coastal and Deep-Sea // PLoS ONE. 2011. Vol. 6. Iss. 10. e26445. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0026445.
14. Bhadury P., Bridge P.D., Austen M.C., Bilton D.T., Smerdon G.R. Detection of fungal 18S rRNA sequences in conjunction with marine nematode 18S rRNA amplicons // Aquatic Biology. 2009. Vol. 5. P. 149-155. DOI:https://doi.org/10.3354/ab00145.
15. Cruz D.G., Araújo F.B., Molento M.B., DaMatta R.A., Santos C.P. Kinetics of capture and infection of infective larvae of trichostrongylides and free-living nematodes Panagrellus sp. by Duddingtonia flagrans // Parasitol Res. 2011. № 109. P. 1085-1091. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-011-2350-3.
16. Deprez T. et al. 2007. NeMys. http:// http://www.nemys.ugent.be/
17. Gems D Longevity and ageing in parasitic and free-living nematodes // Biogerontology. 2000. Vol. 1. № 4. P. 289-307. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1026546719091
18. Grego M., Stachowitsch M., Troch M.D., Riedel B. CellTracker green labelling vs. rose Bengal staining: CTG wins by points in distinguishing living from dead anoxia-impacted copepods and nematodes // Biogeosciences Discussion. 2013. № 10. P. 2857-2887.
19. Haraguchi S., Yoshiga T. Potential of the fungal feeding nematode Aphelenchus avenae to control fungi and the plant parasitic nematode Ditylenchus destructor associated with garlic // Biological Control. 2020. Vol. 143. Art. 104203. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocontrol.2020.104203.
20. Hertweck M., Hoppe T., Baumeister R. C. elegans, a model for aging with high-throughput capacity // Exp Gerontol. 2003. Vol. 38, № 3. P. 345-346. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/s0531-5565(02)00208-5.
21. Hsueh Y.P., Gronquist M.R., Schwarz E.M., Nath R.D., Lee C.H., Gharib S., Schroeder F.C., Sternberg P.W. Nematophagous fungus Arthrobotrys oligospora mimics olfactory cues of sex and food to lure its nematode prey // eLife. 2017. Vol. 6. P. 1-21. DOI:https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.20023.001.
22. Hsueh Y.P., Mahanti P., Schroeder F.C., Sternberg P.W. Nematode-trapping fungi eavesdrop on nematode pheromones // Current Biology. 2013. Vol. 7. № 23. P. 83-86. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2012.11.035.
23. Hyde K.D, Swe A, Zhang K.Q. Nematode-Trapping Fungi. Chapter 1. Nematode-Trapping Fungi. In: Nematode-Trapping Fungi / K.D. Hyde (Ed.). Fungal Diversity Research Series, 2014. Vol. 23. P. 1-12.
24. Index Fungorum. 2023. http://www.indexfungorum.org/names/Names.asp
25. Jansson H.B. Adhesion of Conidia of Drechmeria coniospora to Caenorhabditis elegans Wild Type and Mutants // Journal of Nematology. 1994. Vol. 26. № 4. P. 430-435.
26. Jiang X, Xiang M, Liu X. Nematode-trapping fungi // Microbiol Spectrum. 2016. Vol. 5. № 1. FUNK-0022-2016. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1128/microbiolspec.FUNK-0022-2016.
27. Johnson T.W., Autery C.L. An Arthrobotrys from brackish water // Mycologia. 1961. №. 53. P. 432-433.
28. Jones E.B.G., Suetrong S., Sakayaroj J., Bahkali A.H., Abdel-Wahab M.A., Boekhout T., Pang K.L. Classification of marine Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, Blastocladiomycota and Chytridiomycota // Fungal Diversity. 2015. Vol. 73. P. 1-72. DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1007/s13225-015-0339-4.
29. Kohlmeyer J., Kohlmeyer E. Marine mycology. The higher fungi. New York, USA: Academic Press, 1979. 690 p.
30. Kopytina N.I., Bocharova E.A. Fouling communities of microscopic fungi on various substrates of the Black Sea // Biosystems Diversity. 2022. Vol. 29, № 4. P. 345-353. DOIhttps://doi.org/10.15421/012144
31. Meyers S.P., Hopper B.E. Attraction of the marine nematode, Metoncholaimus sp., to fungal substrates // Bulletin of Marine Science. 1966. Vol. 16. № 1. P. 142-150.
32. Meyers S.P., Hopper B.E. Studies on marine fungal-nematode associations and pant degradation // Helgoländer wissenschaftliche Meeresuntersuchungen.1967. Vol. 15. P. 270-281.
33. Rubner A. Revision of Predacious Hyphomycetes in the Dactylella-Monacrosporium Complex // Studies in mycology. 1996. № 39. 134 p.
34. Sergeeva N.G., Kopytina N.I. The First Marine Filamentous Fungi Discovered in the Bottom Sediments of the Oxic/Anoxic Interface and in the Bathyal Zone of the Black Sea // Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. 2014. Vol. 14. № 1-2. R. 1-9.
35. Soares F.E. de F., Sufiate B.L., Queiroz J.H. Nematophagous fungi: Far beyond the endoparasite, predator and ovicidal groups // Agriculture and Natural Resources. 2018. Vol. 52. P. 1-8. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anres.2018.05.010.
36. Swe A., Jeewon R., Pointing S.B., Hyde K.D. Diversity and abundance of nematode-trapping fungi from decaying litter in terrestrial, freshwater and mangrove habitats // Biodiversity and Conservation. 2009. Vol. 18. P. 1695-1714.
37. Tzean S.S., Estey R.H. Species of Phytophthora and Pythium as Nematode-destroying Fungi // Journal of Nematology. 1981. Vol. 13. № 2. P. 160-163.
38. Wan J., Dai Z., Zhang K., Li G., Zhao P. Pathogenicity and Metabolites of Endoparasitic Nematophagous Fungus Drechmeria coniospora YMF1.01759 against Nematodes // Microorganisms. 2021. Vol. 9. № 8. Art. 1735. DOI:https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9081735.
39. White J.F., Bacon C.W., Hywel-Jones N.L., Spatafora J.W. Clavicipitalean Fungi. Evolutionary Biology, Chemistry, Biocontrol, and Cultural Impacts. New York, USA: CRC Press, Basel, 2003. Vol. 19. 640 p.
40. Yu Z.F., Mo M.H., Zhang Y., Zhang K.Q. Taxonomy of Nematode-Trapping Fungi from Orbiliaceae, Ascomycota. Chapter 3 // Nematode-Trapping Fungi. Fungal Diversity Research Series, 2014. Vol. 23. P. 41-210.
41. Zhang Y., Li S., Li H., Wang R., Zhang K.Q., Xu J. Fungi-Nematode Interactions: Diversity, Ecology, and Biocontrol Prospects in Agriculture // J. Fungi. 2020. Vol. 6. № 4. Art. 206. DOI:https://doi.org/10.3390/jof6040206.
